Approaches of the Study of Political Geography
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Approaches of the Study of Political Geography
In his book Geography behind Politics A.E. Moody wrote that -
Generally, the following 6 approaches to the study of political geography are notable
The main forms of national power are geographical, economic, social, political and soldiers. Geographical facts, location, size, extent, agro-agricultural land, climate effects are the main. In his book Geography and Politics in a Divided World (1564), SB Cohan has described 5 main elements.
Being aware of past events and ancient conditions makes it easier to solve current problems. History considers the problems of gradual development of a state from its central point, invasion of marginal territories, colonization expansion etc., so that the present of earth and state and other subjects can be understood.
Proper study of the structure of the state has importance in political geography. Hartshorne is also named among the proponents of this approach. H. J. D. Bliss wrote in his book Systematic Political Geography (1967) -
Hartshorne gave this approach in 1950. According to him, the state sector is important both in practical and educational terms which is related to its functions. The centripetal and centrifugal powers are always active in every state. The aim of the state is to make the central powers ineffective and ineffective by the central power for the development of state organization and nationality. The centripetal power process maintains the emergence and existence of the state. It has been Raison'da. The central power is the state idea. Retzal has also given similar ideology to the state.
In fact the unity of the concept of nation develops unity. The development of language, religion and social specialties as well as takes full care of political soundness. In this approach, the internal work of the state is analyzed, the various regional parts are brought together as a unified organized unit. Rules for achieving this certification is necessary.
Hartshorne has included the study of the external affairs of the state in the second phase. It includes Territorial Relation, Economic Relations, Political Relations and Strategic Relations. Proper studies should be done. RD Dixit has written in his book Political Geography -
Economic relations - These are decided by the policies of economic trade. Political relations have importance in determining economic relations, because trade-economic relations also end as soon as political relations are broken.
With political ties, successful control of a state from its territory to an additional part, such as a colony or territory, is also included. Strategic relations have all the factors affecting national power. Due to Switzerland's strategic position, it has remained unaffected in both the great wars and even today its position is of strategic importance. Hartshorne writes at the end of his form that -
"The core of political geography is the study of a distinctive phenomenon in the total differentiation." of areas organized as political areas. "- Hartshorne
This approach gives the right direction to political geography.
This principle has not been important in the geographical studies after the Quantitative Revolution. The question of the integration of the state is also less on the developed nations. Is effective. Yet this theory has made a fundamental contribution to political geography.
This theory was propounded by Stephen B. Jones in 1554. Three geographers Whittlesey, R. Hartshorne and Jean Gottmann have jointly contributed to this theory. For this reason, it is called the principle of homogeneity of the region. S.B. Jones has presented it as Idea, Area, Chain.
Political Thought-Decision-Movement Area-Political Zone This chain is of lake or basin area which is found on one floor.
According to Jones, the ideas at one end of the chain, ie political views (ends), the region at the other end and the decision in the middle of the two, are the links of transmission zone and region. It is not just a series connector, but also a flow system. Political decisions are taken by deliberating political considerations between individuals or groups, which in turn leads to the transmission of people, objects and ideas within a certain sphere of influence, and ultimately the result of a political sphere.
Thus, the first element (decision) and the third element in the series are related to the Field of Interaction. The transmission process results in a reciprocal-reaction between different forces. Through the growth of cities, change in economy, war limit, amendment etc. autonomy is achieved in the beginning and finally independence, it gives rise to sovereign states. The flow under the field of thought can be an unidirectional rather than a directional one, ie it can also be in the opposite direction.
The ideology chain theory can be not only for the politically organized sectors but also for the unorganized. For example, Japan's thinking of the greater East Asia cohesion zone after World War II is an example. For practical understanding, Jones is an example of the establishment of an Israeli state, which began with the initial Zionism and became the last state of Israel. The Indo-Pak divide is also an example of this field of thought.
Pr. Jones has said that the study of national power, border, capital etc. can also be understood by this principle. Jones says that there may not be universality of scholars, but this theory will eliminate the diversity in the objectives and methods of political geography and bind them into a thread of unity, and will help to combine structure, work territory and process. Dr. HM Saxena has explained the partition of Bangladesh by applying this principle in his article "Emergence of Bangladesh". The elements responsible for the state idea were historical and cultural, natural and economic elements.
Awami League as a decision (Bangla Party of the time) had a 6-point program which won overwhelmingly in 1970 and led to the emergence of Bangladesh. Mobility in the form of army transfers, invasions and migration of civilian population to India as refugees.
Dr. H. M. Saxena writes -
The system approach is a linkage in which one element is Input and another is Output. This approach is very useful in internal and external study of states and in orderly study of international relations. The state is an administrative unit which has an organizational form.
Limitations The state always uses the executive, judiciary, administrative and other administrative units for the development of demand and supply of its population. Which is related to the economic, social and political development of the state. Environmental elements also contribute to state development.
The following diagram is explained by Cohen and Rosenthal in the form of system approach -
In the political role of man, the political form of the geographical land area and general landscape emerges in relation to the ideological organizational and process difference. All the above elements give rise to a political system through inter-relation and inter-process.
Political Geography Being a dynamic science, different ideologies have been formed from time to time. Some of the main ideologies are -
It is necessary to have objectivity and objective clarity in political geography, hence the following things are necessary for the study and research of this branch -
Like other branches of Geography, in political geography, mathematical and statistical methods should be used in limited quantity, rather it is more appropriate to critically analyze the topic.
Source : Rajeev Bansal's (SEPD)
"Political geography can never be a definite science. It would be a mistake to treat its problems as similar to pure science."
Generally, the following 6 approaches to the study of political geography are notable
1. Power Analysis Approach
The main forms of national power are geographical, economic, social, political and soldiers. Geographical facts, location, size, extent, agro-agricultural land, climate effects are the main. In his book Geography and Politics in a Divided World (1564), SB Cohan has described 5 main elements.
- Natural environment - It consists mainly of location, size, surface, climate, soil and water. All these elements have their own importance on the politics and economy of the country.
- Transport and communication - Passengers and goods The study of the nature of transport means are important. Similarly, communication means and expression through them is an essential tool for nationalism and its unity.
- Raw and Finished Goods - Resources affecting national power. In terms of time and place, the study of the reservoir is very Nats are important.
- Population - The qualitative and numerical aspect of the population is to, directly and indirectly, affect the national power.
- Political structure - Study of the administrative nature of states in a national and international environment is necessary.
2. Historical Approach
Being aware of past events and ancient conditions makes it easier to solve current problems. History considers the problems of gradual development of a state from its central point, invasion of marginal territories, colonization expansion etc., so that the present of earth and state and other subjects can be understood.
3. Morphological Approach
The morphological approach focuses on the shape, structural features and patterns of political phenomena.
4. Functional Approach
"The functional approach is conceived by Hartshorne is concerned with the functioning of an areal political unit."- S.B. Cohen
Hartshorne gave this approach in 1950. According to him, the state sector is important both in practical and educational terms which is related to its functions. The centripetal and centrifugal powers are always active in every state. The aim of the state is to make the central powers ineffective and ineffective by the central power for the development of state organization and nationality. The centripetal power process maintains the emergence and existence of the state. It has been Raison'da. The central power is the state idea. Retzal has also given similar ideology to the state.
"Those states are strongest in which the political idea of the state tills the _ entire body of the state, extends to all its parts." - Ratzel.
In fact the unity of the concept of nation develops unity. The development of language, religion and social specialties as well as takes full care of political soundness. In this approach, the internal work of the state is analyzed, the various regional parts are brought together as a unified organized unit. Rules for achieving this certification is necessary.
Hartshorne has included the study of the external affairs of the state in the second phase. It includes Territorial Relation, Economic Relations, Political Relations and Strategic Relations. Proper studies should be done. RD Dixit has written in his book Political Geography -
"State represents a complex mixture of centrifugual and centripetal forces. The former promoting inter-regional division and pull the regions apart an d the later contribute to pull regions together by promoting shared intrests and values. " - R D. Dixit
Economic relations - These are decided by the policies of economic trade. Political relations have importance in determining economic relations, because trade-economic relations also end as soon as political relations are broken.
With political ties, successful control of a state from its territory to an additional part, such as a colony or territory, is also included. Strategic relations have all the factors affecting national power. Due to Switzerland's strategic position, it has remained unaffected in both the great wars and even today its position is of strategic importance. Hartshorne writes at the end of his form that -
"The core of political geography is the study of a distinctive phenomenon in the total differentiation." of areas organized as political areas. "- Hartshorne
This approach gives the right direction to political geography.
This principle has not been important in the geographical studies after the Quantitative Revolution. The question of the integration of the state is also less on the developed nations. Is effective. Yet this theory has made a fundamental contribution to political geography.
5. United Field Theory
Political Thought-Decision-Movement Area-Political Zone This chain is of lake or basin area which is found on one floor.
According to Jones, the ideas at one end of the chain, ie political views (ends), the region at the other end and the decision in the middle of the two, are the links of transmission zone and region. It is not just a series connector, but also a flow system. Political decisions are taken by deliberating political considerations between individuals or groups, which in turn leads to the transmission of people, objects and ideas within a certain sphere of influence, and ultimately the result of a political sphere.
Thus, the first element (decision) and the third element in the series are related to the Field of Interaction. The transmission process results in a reciprocal-reaction between different forces. Through the growth of cities, change in economy, war limit, amendment etc. autonomy is achieved in the beginning and finally independence, it gives rise to sovereign states. The flow under the field of thought can be an unidirectional rather than a directional one, ie it can also be in the opposite direction.
The ideology chain theory can be not only for the politically organized sectors but also for the unorganized. For example, Japan's thinking of the greater East Asia cohesion zone after World War II is an example. For practical understanding, Jones is an example of the establishment of an Israeli state, which began with the initial Zionism and became the last state of Israel. The Indo-Pak divide is also an example of this field of thought.
Pr. Jones has said that the study of national power, border, capital etc. can also be understood by this principle. Jones says that there may not be universality of scholars, but this theory will eliminate the diversity in the objectives and methods of political geography and bind them into a thread of unity, and will help to combine structure, work territory and process. Dr. HM Saxena has explained the partition of Bangladesh by applying this principle in his article "Emergence of Bangladesh". The elements responsible for the state idea were historical and cultural, natural and economic elements.
Awami League as a decision (Bangla Party of the time) had a 6-point program which won overwhelmingly in 1970 and led to the emergence of Bangladesh. Mobility in the form of army transfers, invasions and migration of civilian population to India as refugees.
Dr. H. M. Saxena writes -
Exploitation of East Wing Created the Idea, the charter of autonomy as decision followed by movement, the territory of East Bengal was the field of activity, and war leads to the state of Bangladesh having an area of 142879945 square kilometres.
6. System Approach in Political Geography
“A system comprises parts or elements, the relationship between them and the process of interaction on which that relationship rests."
The system approach is a linkage in which one element is Input and another is Output. This approach is very useful in internal and external study of states and in orderly study of international relations. The state is an administrative unit which has an organizational form.
Limitations The state always uses the executive, judiciary, administrative and other administrative units for the development of demand and supply of its population. Which is related to the economic, social and political development of the state. Environmental elements also contribute to state development.
The following diagram is explained by Cohen and Rosenthal in the form of system approach -
In the political role of man, the political form of the geographical land area and general landscape emerges in relation to the ideological organizational and process difference. All the above elements give rise to a political system through inter-relation and inter-process.
Principal Schools of Political Geography
- Political landscape school - French scholars
- Political ecology school - American Scholar
- Organismic School - German Scholar
Methodology
- Regional observation,
- Aggregation of subject material,
- Description of collected material,
- Analysis and clarification.
Like other branches of Geography, in political geography, mathematical and statistical methods should be used in limited quantity, rather it is more appropriate to critically analyze the topic.
Source : Rajeev Bansal's (SEPD)