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Contribution of different Scholars in the Development of Political Geography


Contribution of different Scholars in the Development of Political Geography

Contribution of different Scholars in the Development of Political Geography


The development process of political geography can be divided into three main parts :

(1) Study of Environmental Relationships 

(2) Study of National Power 

(3) Study of Political Regions 

1. Study of Environmental Relationship


Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates have given their views in this regard. Aristotle (383–322 BC) in his book Politics states that the inhabitants of the cold regions of Europe have great enthusiasm, but lack of intelligence and skill. Residents of Asia are skilled and intelligent, but | They have been slaves of other powers for lack of enthusiasm. Strabo also described Italy as the best country for development and stated the importance of the situation, climate and resources for the Roman Empire. 

After this, there was only limited religious influence in the Dark Age. Bodin said that the characteristics of the nation vary with the surface and climate. The contribution of two German geographers of the 19th century Karl Ritter and Retzal is important in the development of environmental relations. Karl Ritter holds that human culture is a part of nature that originates and ends with it.



2. Study of National Power


Political power to any state or nation depends on geographical factors from fundamental. Retzel has presented ideas related to state development that have a direct impact on Darwin's development theory.

Assuming the organism as an organic state, he has said that the territory of the state represents the power of the state. At the same time, the concept of Leban sarum developed and the importance of Conquest for space was understood. 

Many geographers have considered the international character rather than nationality in the political discourse. Ratjal has also explained the importance of sea and ocean. US Navy expert Mahan has explained the importance of Oceanic Power. His two books 'Influence of Sea Power upon History' and the second 'Influence of Sea Power on French Revolution and Empire' clearly mention the maritime importance. 

Mahan called the United States more important than Britain as a maritime power. The heart field of the calendar is a special contribution in the political geography of the Heartland theory. Alexander has presented this theory in his paper Geographical Pivot of History in 1904 and, considering the importance of the protected terrain, predicted Russia as a world power, which is the best example of terrestrial power. 

His statement was that -

Who rules Eastern Europe, has authority over the heart place and he who rules over the heartland, has authority over the Rimland and he who rules over the world has authority over the world.  

Another American geographer, Spikeman, explained in his Remind Principle that Remand is more important from a strategic point of view. 

He said that -

The one who rules over Remind holds the authority over Eurasia and the one who holds the authority over Eurasia rules the world. After the Second World War, Seversky said, 'Air power is the key to the survival of the kingdom. ( AIR POWER 'is the key to survival.')

3. Study of Political Areas


Geography in the 20th century is divided into three subdivisions. 

1. Theoretical study of political field 

2. Political undertaking study 

3. Study of specific political fields 

(1) Geographers look at the political world from the perspective of the events that take place. The functional Approach was presented by State-related facts such as capital, borders, administration department, etc. Functional Approach and Stephen Jones presented Unified Field Theory. Similarly, Gotman presented ideas on determining regional organization in the political arena. 

(2) The facts generated by political powers, the powers that govern them, are included in its study. In this context, books related to borders, capital etc. have been published. The main authors were Pounds, Fischer, Kristof and Ullman. O. on the capital H. K. Spate and Cornish work is important. Prescott and Wright wrote a book on electoral geography. Overall, the work of showing regional departments, national rules and political variation in political geography has reduced. 

(3) Study of its political problem, understanding their responsible factors and geographical solution for a particular area. Integration to Northern Nigeria, diversity to Buchanan and the idea of ​​the Indian subcontinent by Spate, B.C. Ale Sukhwal highlighted various aspects of India's political geography. A. E. Moody and Hafmann have noted the problems posed by the international border. NATO has also presented views on the European Common Market Warsapact etc.

Source : Rajeev Bansal's (SEPD)

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